Current Macroeconomic Topic in US Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Macroeconomic Topic in US - Term Paper Example As the fiscal gap continues to grow, policymakers and citizens grow more concerned with the state of their economy, and how they can reduce the deficit they are facing. This paper will examine the impact drug legalization may have on the economy, and how society might react in the face of this new reality. Economists argue that the current fiscal gap the region is facing might be reduced with the implementation of certain policies. The legalization of certain drugs in the region is one of the main issues being discussed. It is clear that calls for cuts or cutbacks in expenditure and increase in taxation are receiving little or no support (Buning, Drucker and Matthews 116). This issue brings to light some of the unconventional ways in which lobby groups, politicians, and citizens have welcomed the legalization of certain drugs in order to reduce the deficit. There are benefits attached to the legalization of drugs such as marijuana, for example; lower prohibition expenditures, reduction in criminal justice expenses, and even a reduction in the levels of arrests, prosecutions, and imprisonment of individuals involved. States that have currently legalized the sale, distribution, and use of marijuana are expected to meet some of the budgetary savings they predicted. If this happens, it is possible that countless other states will follow through with the legalization of the same drug. Some of the benefits are mentioned in countless discussions and debates. It is worth mentioning that recent studies point to the fact that the government can save over $40 billion dollars with the legalization of marijuana, cocaine and heroin, and other drugs. Tax revenue in this case would be placed at an estimated $45 billion dollars annually. This is with the legalization of marijuana, cocaine and heroin, and all other drugs. As this market is driven

Cotton Essay Example for Free

Cotton Essay One of the similarities between Japan and India’s mechanization of the cotton industry from the 1880s to the 1930s is the production of cotton and yarn went up with the use of machines. One difference is more men worked in India than Japan. The first topic for discussion will be about how the workers in Indian and Japanese textile factories are different, (Docs: 4, 7, 8, and 10). The second grouping will discuss hand vs. machine (Docs: 1, 2, and 6. ) The last topic for discussion will be about both Japan and India’s low wages. An additional document that would be helpful would be one from a male worker in India. With this document we can see their point of view of working in the factory, to see if they enjoy it, or if maybe they were treated cruelly. Another beneficial document would have been from a parent of one of the female workers. This way we can see what the parents have to say about their child working in a cotton mill. Documents 4, 7, 8, and 10 all show that the workers in textile factories are different. There is a chart (Doc 7) that compares the amount of female cotton textile workers in Japan and India. It shows that over three-fourths were women in Japan, and less than one-fourth of Indian laborers were women. Another way this document helps show the difference of workers between Japanese and Indian textile factories is that in Japan the percent of women workers slightly increases over the years 1920-1930. In India, the percent of female workers from 1909-1934 decreases, meaning women didn’t work as much in factories. Because India was so patriarchal the women’s job was to stay home and take care of the house. Document 4 is a written concern about how there are many women working in Japanese textile mills. Documents 8 and 10 both consist of a picture from a Japanese cotton mill (Doc 8), and an Indian textile mill (Doc 10). The Japanese mill (Doc 8) illustrates a couple of women working and two or three men just sitting there (most likely supervising. ) However in difference to Japan, the Indian mill (Doc 10) shows only male workers, this helps prove that more men worked than women in Indian textile mills. One should approach document 8 with caution because the source seems to be unreliable. The photo is from and official company history, meaning the picture was most likely staged to make it look like a superior place to work. Not only are Japan and India different when it comes to who works in their textile factories, documents 1, 2, and 6 help show how their cotton industries are similar, (Doc 1) is a chart of the production of cotton yarn and cloth in India. One should take into account the point of view of this source because it was gathered by British Colonial authorities. The source seems reliable since they are talking about India’s statistics and not their own. Also the data looks reasonable and not over exaggerated. The source of this document most likely composed this chart to help show how the use of machines helped increase Indian textiles. Japan’s textile chart (Doc 2) combined both hand and machine spun statistics. Even though they were combined there was still a rapid increase of production of cotton yarn. (Doc 6) was written by and Indian economist and it talks about how there has been a rapid decline of hand woven cloth makers and they can’t compete with machine woven cloth. All these documents help illustrate how India and Japan’s textile industries are similar due to the use of machines. Lastly we will discuss similarities in the pay and wages of the cotton industry workers in Japan and India (Docs: 3, 5, and 9) (Doc 3) talks about how two Japanese women worked in a textile factory when they were younger and the first year they were not paid, the second year their parents got 35 yen an the following year 50 yen. The point of view expressed in this document is of interest because it was written by Tsurumi Shunsuke, Japanese industrialist. The source seems unreliable because it says there are surplus of workers and they come from the over abundance of people working on their own land. Also it says, â€Å"All he or she has to do is earn enough to maintain his or her own living. † The money usually goes towards the family not to the worker. I think he is writing to get people to work for him and doesn’t want to be accused as being cheap. Not only is the pay low for Japanese textile laborers, it is the same for Indian workers as well. (Doc 9) â€Å"Wages are low, and there has been no significant change in wages over the last decades. † The mechanization of the cotton industry grew in the 1880s to the 1930s in Japan and India. The women in Japan worked in harsher conditions than the men in India, Both Japan and India’s cotton industries used peasant labor.

How Will Our Future Be? Essay -- essays research papers

How Will Our Future Be? The way the future is heading seems to be very clear but as before things may change. The time to come will never reveal itself until it has actually been. From this point of view I will try to describe the way I see the future coming our way. One of the major aspects when discussing the future is how will the law be handled and how power will be dealt with. Will we be able to decide for us self what we want to do with our lives and will the right of every individual be respected, as written in the constitution. There is no way I could be forced to believe otherwise. Our society today is made to decide if every citizen in Denmark should have some sort of card that you used for multiple things. Your health-insurance, driver's licence, personal identification and many other things. Some people say that this is the beginning to the completely government controlled society where your every move is followed by the administration. The year is 2096. We are standing in the airport near Copenhagen. A lot of people are walking by with their net-agents. A small computer-program that has been trained to inform you on all the things that you find interesting. To identify themselves they have their citizen-card plugged into the device. An agent is calling our net-computer. He wishes to inform us about all the activities in Copenhagen today but of course only the ones he knows we might be interested in. The agents are a very handy invention which was created in t...

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: essays research papers

1984 Essay After reading Orwell’s 1984 and examining Stalin’s rule over Soviet Russia it is safe to say that the two are very similar. Many features of Big Brother and Oceania mimic those of Stalin and the USSR. As well, the ability to change the truth and rewrite the past was abused for both regimes. Also, the Party and it’s enemies are actual representations of real people who were against Stalin and the USSR. Finally, Big Brother and Stalin did have some differences though very few. By discussing these points, a comparison of the totalitarian leaders Big Brother and Stalin can be made. Many features of Orwell's imaginary superstate Oceania are from Soviet reality: the Komsomol (Young Communists) appear as the â€Å"Anti-Sex League†, the young informers of the Pioneers turn up as the â€Å"Spies†, Soviet Five-Year Plans shrink into Oceania Three-Year Plans, and easily available vodka into Victory Gin. Like Stalin's USSR, Oceania has its renegades and backsliders who are arrested at night, questioned by interrogators for counterrevolutionary activities and then either sent to the "saltmines" or "vaporised". As in Russia, the "comrades" of Oceania are given news bulletins consisting almost entirely of lists of industrial production figures, most of which are announced as "overfulfilled" and none of which are really true. As well, there are constant powercuts and shortages, all essentials being obtained through the underground "free market". Winston's job of alteration in the Ministry of Truth consists of books and periodicals that are rewritten and photographs changed to reflect the "correct" or the latest view of past events was similar to events that happened in the USSR. One of Stalin's corrections of the past was the Soviet-Nazi pact of 1939, this is very similar to the alliance of Oceania with its arch-enemy Eurasia against its former ally Eastasia. "Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia." Big Brother, the all-seeing leader who murders his rivals, declares "a new, happy life" and, from posters and telescreens, rules over people conditioned by terror to love him, is of course Stalin himself. As well, Oceania's evil figure Emmanuel Goldstein, the counter-revolutionary author of "the book", and who the Party wages an endless struggle with was much like how Trotsky was portrayed to the Soviet people. Stalin's NKVD jailed millions for the imaginary crime of "Trotskyism" just as Big Brother's Thought Police repressed the followers of Goldstein.

Do You Agree with the View That by 1940?

Do you agree with the view that by 1940 the main obstacle to Indian independence was not British imperialism but divisions within India? Many people believe that in the 1940’s most of India’s problems involving independence was to do with divisions within India rather than British imperialism. In this essay I will be looking at both points of view and finally giving my opinion. I will be using three sources also to help me show both sides of the story. I will also be using my further knowledge to add a wider range of knowledge.Source 15 is a statement made by Viceroy Linlithgow during discussions with Muhammad Ali Jinnah in August 1940, concerning arrangements for the wartime administration of India. In this source he is both for and against the view of the question. â€Å"His Majesty’s Government could not contemplate transfer of their present responsibilities for the peace and welfare of India to any system of Government†. This is suggesting that England can’t even imagine giving any real power to India. Which means England is withholding any peace for India by not giving them any power.England are also holding back any welfare for India by keeping all the power. However, the Viceroy also says afterwards, â€Å"Whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful elements in India’s national life†. This quote is saying that divisions within India are slowing down the progression of gaining power for India. Even England’s power over India is being disrupted by the divisions within India. If a specialist governing country is struggling to stay in control how is an inexperienced country going to handle one of the largest countries in the world?Linlithgow made the August offer in 1940; along with Jinnah they discussed a whole range of issues regarding India and the war. The Viceroy did make an effort to involve the Muslim community with the proposals in the august offer as well. One of the proposals was â€Å"an assurance that the government would not adapt any new constitution without the prior approval of Muslim India†. This shows that the Viceroy tried to prevent divisions within India. Source 16 is a lot more one sided compared to source 15. Source 16 mainly believes that it is British imperialism that is preventing Indian Independence.This source is from W. O. Simpson, from ‘changing horizons’, which was published in 1986. One of the most obvious quotes backing up the hatred towards British Imperialism is, â€Å"The idea, and the Government of India Act that emerged on 1935, was strongly opposed by one faction in the Conservative Party, which formed itself into the Imperial Defence League. † This Defence League tried to prevent the Act being passed but it was unsuccessful in its efforts, and the Act was passed. â€Å"The Act was attacked both in Britain for going too far†.If Britain didn’t go as far as they did with the act they would h ave had a more successful reign. In this source there is a quote that suggests that divisions within India that was stopping Indian Independence. â€Å"in India for not going far enough†. This quote suggests that India didn’t believe the Act wasn’t taken out as much as they would have liked. Round table conferences did prove that congress didn’t speak for all of India, and due to the minority of the Muslims in India the 1937 elections were very nerve racking for the Muslims.If Congress came into power they would have been in a very bad situation. The Muslim League needed to win over all of the Muslims and make sure the trials can become fair. Source 17 is much like source 15 because they a both fairly even sided, in what they say. This source is from Rosemary Rees, India 1900-47, published in 2006. It mentions the faults of both British Imperialism and the Divisions between India. â€Å"If only Congress could, in, fact, speak for all main elements in Ind ia’s national life then, however advanced their demands our problem would have been in many respects, far easier†.This quote is strongly suggesting that the division in India is preventing the independence. The fact that England can’t get a straight answer from India is making England less confident in giving them independence. They had Congress saying they spoke for the whole of India and they had the Muslim League saying that they don’t and because they are the minority in India they should get an equal say in matters so the Congress doesn’t just make lives for the Hindus better and forget about the Muslims. However, Churchill was adamant that he wasn’t going to give India up.He didn’t even think about it. He knew that he wanted to keep it, therefore in his mind he is going to keep it, no matter what. In source 17 he strongly backs this statement up in saying â€Å"We mean to hold our own. I have not become the King’s first m inister in order to preside over liquidation of the British Empire. † This quote just shows how incredibly stubborn Churchill was in his views of handing over India’s independence. It didn’t matter what was happening around him or what was happening in India, India was England’s and he intended it to stay that way.All of these sources mention both points, in different amounts. I personally believe that it was mainly down to British imperialism that prevented India to gain independence. In the 1940’s India found it hard to find independence at all. Though I don’t believe it was all down to England. The fact that India couldn’t give an answer that related to both Muslims and Hindus meant that England lost trust in them. Gandhi was trying to claim that he was speaking for the whole country, whilst Muslims were pleading not to listen to him. It was all very confusing for the English.

If Youre Going to Do Something, Do It Well. And Leave Something Witchy †Charles Manson Professor Ramos Blog

If Youre Going to Do Something, Do It Well. And Leave Something Witchy – Charles Manson The real strong have no need to prove it to the phonies – Charles Manson. Charles Milles Manson was born in Cincinnati Ohio on November 12, 1934. Charles Manson becomes one of the most well-known American criminal and cult leaders ever throughout American history. In the mid-1960s, he formed a cult which later became known as Manson Family, a quasi-commune based in California. Mansons followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969 (Emmons 1). Each of these murders was not committed by Manson himself. But instead somehow manipulated his Manson Family cult group into doing the devils work for his to speak. Charles Manson is a perfect representation of Jeffrey Jerome CohensMonster Cultural Seven Theses.Thesis I The Monsters Body Is A Cultural Body, Manson was committing these disturbing and horrendous murders all-around time when Woodstock and the Beatles were coming about. According to the California Parole Board, Manson had a history of m anipulation, controlling behavior and mental illnesses which included schizophrenia and paranoid delusional behavior (Emmons 1).At the time all of America was being shifted to a Hippie era. Clothes, music, entertainment, speech, and even vehicles were all being shifted towards this new coming of age era. Charles Manson would eventually go on to change the course of history with these murders that he and his Manson Family committed in 1969. On July 26th of 2019 Quentin Tarantino, released his 9th film which takes place in Hollywood around the same time the Charles Manson murders began. The title of this movie is called Once Upon A Time in Hollywood throughout the movie, there are so many nostalgic moments and references occurring in the movie that took place during the actually Manson Familys murders, but fans seem to not notice. In this particular Tarantino film, the movie revolves around two men. The first is an actor named Rick Dalton, who is finding himself at the end of an era in his acting career. The time has come and he is entering the beginning of a new era in Hollywood which is the so-called Hippie Era in the 60s. The second man named Cliff Booth is Rick Daltons stunt double also a lifelong best friend who encounters the Mansion Family up by Spahn Ranch or other known as Spahn Movie Ranch. Spahn Ranch was 55 acres of property owned by Sharon M. Atkins, who had purchased the property in 1928 (Tarantino). Spahn Ranch was the actual place where Charles Manson and his family stayed (Tarantino). Tarantino tends to bend history at his own will even though the plot and storyline of the movie are not based on Charles Manson himself. They, however, do revolve around the murders that took place. Tarantino does play with the factual evidence that took place the day of the murders, the film gives the viewers a sense of what it was it like to live in the 1960s by showing us how they spoke, what they wore, how they viewed things, and even how they interacted with hippies. At the age of 12 in 1947 Manson, was sent to Gibault School for Boys in Terre Haute, Indiana, for stealing. Over the next twenty years, he is in and out of reform schools and prison for various crimes (Emmons 1). Here we know that at a very young age during Mansons young adolescent years he was in and out of prison and getting into trouble at a very young age. We can add that these events at a very young age caused him to have a manipulation personality, controlling behavior and mental illnesses (Emmons 1).On March 21, 1967, Charles Manson was released and upon being released Manson had this to say before leaving prison Oh, no, I cant go outside thereI knew that I couldnt adjust to that world, not after all my life had been spent locked up and where my mind was free. (Emmons 2). This is a clear indicator that Manson himself wasnt mentally stable enough to step into a world of unknown mortalities, but went about it anyway even after saying he was ready. CohensMonster Culture (Seven Th eses) Thesis II: The Monster Always Escapes, is pretty near perfect when comparing this alongside to Charles Manson slowly but surely become the monster he is soon to become. Cohen states that the monster itself turns immaterial and vanishes, to reappear someplace else. In this case, for instance, Charles Manson was slowly becoming the horrendous societal monster that we all know today as one of Americas prestigious cult leader who manipulated an array of people to do his murders for him. For some reason, this could have all been avoided if the lawmen just listened to Manson and let him stay in prison. But unfortunately, prison nor the law do not work that way. From 1967-1968 Manson meets Gary Hinman, a music teacher who introduces him to Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys (Emmons 3). Then Manson has summoned a group of followers and the group moves to Spahn Ranch, outside of Chatsworth, California. Dennis Wilson introduces Manson to record producer Terry Melcher, the son of actress Doris Day (Emmons 3). After initially showing interest in Mansons music, Melcher declines to work alongside Mansons music career (Emmons 4). Than Melcher later moves out of his home on Cielo Drive, and the house is then leased to film director Roman Polanski and his wife, actress Sharon Tate (Emmons 4). On July 27th, 1969, Gary Hinman was brutally killed by Mansons followers Bobby Beausoleil, accompanied by Manson Family members Mary Brunner and Susan Atkins. As Gary Hinman laid helpless dying, Beausoleil, Atkins, and Brunner took turns smothering him with a pillow until they suffocated him. After they killed Hinman, Beausoleil wrote the words Political piggy on a wall behind him with Hinmans blood, in an attempt to lead police to believe the murder was done by a group of radicals. Hard to imagine a human being coming up with this concept of death and disturbing manifestation and having other partake in it. Nuel Emmons, Charles Manson had developed schizophrenia and paranoid delusional behavior by the age of 15. Anything you see in me is in you. If you want to see a vicious killer, thats who youll see, do you understand that? If you see me as your brother, thats what Ill be. It all depends on how much love you have. I am you, and when you can admit that, you will be free. I am just a mirror. Rolling Stone interview, 1970. This quote by the monster himself Charles Manson. Thesis VI:Fear of the Monster Is Really a Kind of Desire, Cohens says the monster always attracts. For some reason, the Manson Family grew larger as these murders were playing out like game chess with peoples lives. Manson would go on to pass away at the age of eighty-three in 2017. Yet his legacy still lives on. Why is that? Cohens Monster (Culture Theses) thats why. Thesis II:The Monsters Always Escapes, even though Charles Manson passed away 2 years ago. He has reappeared in media, shows, films, and documentarys because we are so fascinated at the fact that he manipulated people into committing murders. In a way, I feel like Charles Manson was right about one thing. When we look at him we kind of are him in a way, some of us want to do or pretend to do the horrible things he did or manipulated people into doing the murders. I am you, and when you can admit that, you are free- Charles Manson Work Cited CNN Library. Manson Family Murders Fast Facts. CNN, Cable News Network, 31 July 2019, cnn.com/2013/09/30/us/manson-family-murders-fast-facts/index.html. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Monster Theory: Reading Culture. University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Manson, Charles. Without Conscience: Charles Manson in His Own Words / as Told to Nuel Emmons. 1988. Margaritoff, Marco. 30 Mesmerizing Charles Manson Quotes That Are Weirdly Thought-Provoking. All Thats Interesting, All Thats Interesting, 24 June 2019, allthatsinteresting.com/charles-manson-quotes.

buy custom Culture of Japan essay

buy custom Culture of Japan essay The recorded history of Japan began when the Yamato clan, based in Kyoto, managed to control other family clans and groups in western and central Japan. This was in approximately A. D. 600. In Japan, Buddhism was introduced through its interactions with Korea during that time. China influenced Japan much in the 700s, and the imperial courts, similar to ones in China, were set up by the Yamato clan. The authority of the imperial courts was undermined in the ensuing centuries, and the vied control was taken by the powerful gentry families. A fame distinct class of warrior clans (Samurai) was rising at the same time (Japan, 2000). The growing culture and nationalism of Japan are occasioned by the nations desire to develop a more autonomous foreign policy and to enhance its military power. Many Japanese people are committed to realize the return of the ever powerful Japan in the past (Harootunian, 2000). Fomenting nationalism among the people of Japan is considered a very vital developme nt increasing and support for a well-built military. Even though in the past, such degrees of nationalism would be restricted based on the nations recognition of its fierce expansion all through East Asia in the early 20th century. In modern times, the society of Japan has greatly seen a lot of changes. The recollections of the actions of Japan prior to and after the WWII are slowly fading away (Dower, 1999). Compared to Japan, China is experiencing a dramatic power increase. Japan happens to be one of the few nations of pre-historic times with the almost homogenous population. Modernization has significantly played a role in the nationalism of Japan. Modernization started in 1869 with the inauguration of the Meiji Restoration. Before that time, the policy of the government of Japan was to deter the entrance and influence of the rest of other nations on it. However, the Opium War of Britain against the United States and China put pressure on Japan. Japan was thus forced to leave its policy of isolation and to start the formation of the modern nation (Hobsbawm, 1992). In the following years Japan began adopting more developed systems from the United States and Europe. One of the systems was the sovereignty concept and the nature of the Government as evident in the Prussian Empire. It was characterized by the establishment of a state which was highly centralized. Previously, Japan was a kind of federal state. Its basic unit of organization was ruled by the feudal relations. Consequently, Japanese got a more clear awareness of themselves. People of the country began regarding themselves as Japanese. This was a clear indication that they stopped seeing themselves as citizens belonging to a clan. They became members of a big Japanese nation (Hein and Selden, 2000). The Constitution of the Empire of Japan or Meiji Constitution was introduced in 1890. Since that year, Japan has all along been a constitutional monarchy. A new Constitution was established by legal advi sers to the Allied occupation forces and approved by the Parliament in 1947. The constitution gives equality based on sex, extends suffrage to all mature citizens, emphasizes the postwar renunciation of the emperor, concerning claims to the divine nature, and assigns the emperor a symbolic duty as head of state. The Parliament of Japan referred to as the Diet comprises the House of Councilors together with the House of Representatives.The desirable political model adopted in pre-historic times became the one that rescued Japan from Asia for both political leaders and powerful intellectuals. All the same, this was not an indication that Japan was completely westernized. The main agenda was to study the western system of politics and technology as well. There was a suppressed awareness amongst the people of Japan that they were not like the whites. The Japanese regarded themselves as superior to the rest of the world in spiritual and cultural matters (Takemae, 2002). From pre-historic times, the culture of Japan was greatly influenced by the culture from China and Korea. However, with the Meiji Restoration, the nation started to feel that Korea and China were inferior in matters of culture. They depicted this by detaching themselves from other Asian nations. Japan adopted imperialism unconditionally in the 1930s and invaded some Asian countries. This fact was seen as a move to liberate the people of Asia from the powers of the West. The WWII in the Pacific between the United States and Japan was described as a racial war that was remorseless (Connor, 1994). All through a bigger part of the postwar times, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), a conventional part with close connections to business and the national bureaucracy, controlled the national politics. The LDP was in ideally a coalition amongst semiautonomous factions leaders, and its trademark was intricate backroom deals and compromises. The split of the party took place in the year of 1993. It resulted in a number of factions ending up as independent political parties. The national realm and the ministries of the Government wield a lot of power (Estor, 2007). Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the levels of the elite in the national bureaucracy were given a lot of respect. In quite a number of areas, the ministries established a certain policy, and the politicians approved the opinions presented by the bureaucrats (Shirane and Tomi, 2001). The respect and prestige accorded to the ministries of the Government have plunged since the 1980s as a reaction to the economic downfall and largely publicized incidents of incompetence and corruption. The 1947 Constitution renounced the use of the force of military and bans the state from keeping armed forces. All the same, Japan maintains what is called a self-defense force with enough weaponry and personnel anchored by the growing Japanese budget.As to the religious matters, Shinto is a modern term for a system of religious gods and be liefs concerning the connection between persons, the environment in its nature, and the state at large. Shintos teachings refer to Japan as the unique land of gods. The religion in Japan does not have a formal scripture or dogma (Estor, 2007). Based on the history of Japan, Buddhism and Shinto have influenced each other in their coexistence in Japan. Shinto is closely related to a nationalist ideology and the imperial family. Buddhism was brought to Japan from China and Korea. It has two main branches: Teravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Generally, Teravada Buddhism is the branch of religion that takes course in Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia; whereas Mahayana is the branch of religion that impacted the Japanese, Korean and Chinese civilizations. Teravada means "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching" in Sanskrit. Teravada teaches the availability of salvation to a chosen few and more in particular to people who endeavor to gain enlightenment and do good works that will promote the ability of that person to surpass the snares of the mortal existence. The Teravada teaching focuses mainly on monastic communities.Currently, Japan is speedily building a legal system of military. The nationalistic sense and culture of Japan are rising, specifically towards North Korea (Cwiertka, 2007). This nationalism is somehow different from that which was experienced before 1945 that centered on arms. Under the Japan-US security administration, there is no objective of implementing armed force against the West, specifically the United States and Europe. Japan apparently learnt one thing from the WWII that it had to cooperate with the United States. Instead of being the sense common to the people of Japan, it is a turn of phrase of the lessons learnt through the people in power who consider that it was the United States power that defeated them in the WWII. Therefore, since then, Japan has become a chief economic power in the world. Japanese culture and na tionalism is thus a response to what the nation perceives as a changing power balance in the East Asia. Buy custom Culture of Japan essay

Team Building Interventions

Team Building Interventions There is a widespread impression, evident from popular research and casual empiricism, of the inability of scholars and organisations to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of team building in measuring changes in skills or attitudes. Often what the evaluation tools do is evaluate the team before and after team building event in anticipation of valuable outcomes.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Team Building Interventions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the methodology employed in team building evaluation has not been successful in gathering and assessing data that would serve conclusive. One major short coming of team building interventions is that is the research employed does not even attempt an evaluation. Across the social science, skill is a fundamental yet problematic concept and the inaccuracies of evaluation methods may be linked to the phenomena under investigation and the circumstanc es under which the data is collected that does not produce conclusive analysis. In this paper I will discuss three leadership styles using my past work experience. Then I will go through some aspects of teamwork. Finally, I will give a summary about myself as a leader and how personal characteristics influence leadership style. Key theories, concepts and empirical research carried out to evaluate team building interventions (TBIs) have proven frustrating leading us to examine what has been done to overcome this problem. To obtain conclusive, data was collected from 22 full time MBA students on a three day trip via open ended questionnaire to determine what’s happening both within team and individuals involved in team building event in order to determine the kinds of practices, support and resources used to ensure effective data collection. Each student for this case was given a responsibility to record their negative and positive events on a daily basis bearing changes in the mselves and their team members (Rushmer 1997, p.316). Since team building interventions used open ended questionnaires to collect data, I found it difficult to process and analyse large amount of data in limited time. Open ended questions for my case would be hard to record my exact feelings which would be measured to provide conclusive results.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the changing economic and social context of employee relations, there’s need to evaluate the effectiveness of team building Interventions (TBIs) in organizational development projects. Schools and organisations for this instance should recognise the inherent benefits associated with such evaluations such as their ability to justify direct and indirect costs of interventions to organisations and providing evidence to its validity to scholars to ascertain whether progra ms are truly operational and beneficial. However, in my analysis, the journal’s weakness is that the team building strategy used in measuring outcomes has not been able to adequately gather or assess data that would serve as conclusive. Plenty of evidence suggests that students who are more likely to integrate into groups were more likely to get through their course completion and to successfully gain their award. Evidently from my analysis, students grouped into teams are able manage through their academic years either due to the emotional support received from fellow students, the practical advice gained from drawing from each others skills, expertise and experiences, opportunity to clarify their ideas with each other or it could possibility be a combination of all these factors. Therefore, as the MBA students undertake their full time residential period, TBI takes place in their first week of the program to â€Å"build the teams† at the beginning of the course (Rush mer 1997, p.316). I therefore support the journal’s theory of group integration in team building activities since it provides reliable analysis to support the evidence. Participation Participants age group ranged from 22 to 37 with an average age of 25 combined with a great range of cultural background, a strategy that was not put into consideration in regard to how their participation would affect TBI. In this case, I stand against the team building theory since the spit groups in regard to gender were not considered as female participants of ages 35 were not likely to stay full time in the residents due to family ties hence making the data collected unreliable. The groups were further divided into three groups; teams, gender, nationality and age and stayed together during the TBI duration (Rushmer 1997, p.316).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Team Building Interventions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Methodology Data collected from the 22-full time MBA students teams on a three day outward bound residential team building course was done through open ended questionnaire in order to allow participants to answer freely in their own words. This strategy was used in anticipation that extensive data will be collected on how each member perceived changes and developments during their trip rather than forcing themselves into YES and NO replies on pre-existing scales designed around the authors beliefs. The advantage of this journal article was that the method of data collection used by students to record raw information and report the findings on the sensitive issues to map the phenomena was reliable. On the other hand, the sorting through large amount of data served as a disadvantage since it would take considerable amount of time jeopardising the credibility of data collected (Rushmer 1997, p.316). Open ended questionnaires are disadvantaged to the sense that the answers produc ed were inadequate and missing valuable data that were to be measured against at the end of the project. Poor warded questions may prevent responses from answering individual questions, therefore increasing unit non response. The project supervisor should have opted for more explicit questions that would produce accurate answers to be used for School surveys as a self administered mode of data collection. Participant observation The author was actively involved in TBI exercise and task taking which enabled him obtain tacit knowledge and experience, team membership and team functioning which helped him extract qualitative data from questionnaire returns and assemble them into themes in reflection to what happened in TBI and to report the events as close as it was. The author classified important stages in the process of becoming a team as the following; Emergent themes The themes of â€Å"Speaking to† and â€Å"getting to know† were introduced at the beginning of projec t, a strategy that facilitated the process of getting to know each other. On a social level, â€Å"speaking to† enabled the relationship between the team members to develop although there is no strong indication that all team members got along successively.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the participant reported that, once team members were able to speak to each other, everyone was friendly and they felt relaxed and even made friends at the end of the process. The themes, â€Å"speaking to† and â€Å"getting to know† was identifies as the first step in facilitating the process of team building. Here, Maslow’s theory of motivation which stipulates that team members draw satisfaction from safety and belongingness of membership of the team was identified. Maslow’s theory of motivation that proposes the model of how happy, healthy and functioning people are, are only based on concrete observations of people rather than coming up with an ideal formular for basing their theory. The motivation theory explains where â€Å"self-actualising† personality comes from which reacts too much on reductionism. Though the theory has taken into consideration the existing healthy personalities, the observations are more detailed than the theory can predict and the data contradicts the theory to some extend (Rushmer 1997, p.316). The data collected in the group dynamic theory that stipulates that people sometimes join groups in order to gain comfort, security and friendship was also identified. Since the project was task oriented, participants in day three began to notice strength and weaknesses of team members and learned how to work with each other. In my opinion, when there is no â€Å"speaking to† and â€Å"getting to know† then there would be no way of knowing what different teams can or cannot do in terms of skills, expertise and experience. It is to this i conclude that socializing was more fruitful strategy in the task orientation since teams reported more communication and unity (Rushmer 1997, p.316: Hays 2004). Refusal of leaders Following the dynamics of group behaviour, the teams refused to provide group leaders at the beginning of the project but allowed it to happen naturally as the project went on. One of the team members become one of the spokesman, a role that made him feel commanding often perceived with linked to negative comments. Strong leadership is seen to destroy both unity and coherence of the team. An Egalitarian team? In the process of team building, I can see egalitarian team developing where leaders are allowed to guide and the team members are satisfied when everyone takes part. This theory may be misleading in the sense that leadership has often been perceived as a force that directs action, tasks, unifies group and suggests solutions but we can see that this activities were not solely directed at one person, but were directed by different team members depending on task t hand, therefore not bale to base our conclusive result on (Rushmer 1997, p.316). In relation to organisations, management should set realistic goals of their team members by making it clear of the expected outcomes making clear of the task to be carried out to prevent unnecessary de-motiva ting influences and unrealistic expectations which often cause disappointments. This is often experienced in organisation with complicated communication channels through policies and practices. Organisation should also reduce the formal appearance of hierarchy since employees often link them with negative comments. Leaders should fully participate in organization projects to allow acquisition of new skills (Rushmer 1997, p.316). The project strategy was also aimed at determining who would enact leadership behaviour for example in tasks requiring physical strength and for this case, it was the biggest member of them team that took the role. Likewise, when rock climbing, team members who had initially experienced similar exercise appeared to direct the others. It’s therefore concluded that a given task is determined by ones skills, expertise or experience. Leadership as evident from this project may seem to be influenced by expert’s power, rather that permanent role of a particular individual (Rushmer 1997, p.316). Benefit of the team Participation of team members forces them to try out new behaviours and acquire new skills, team members attest to that. One member attests to this by saying that the he tried out new things he wouldn’t without the team work. This brings me to conclusive evidence that teamwork modifies behaviour for the sake of the team, hence the theory of â€Å"team will†. This however supports the assertion that ‘team’ is a body that forces people to do things they would not have done on their own. Members reported to have gained self confidence which were often rewarding and made the team experience enjoyable. There was also a â€Å"feel good factor† that enhanced positive feelings and stimulated team spirit. One of the participants regarded his team to be the best because of the fun and motivation received. The ability to identify with the team helps build the feel good factor (Rushmer 1997, p.31 6). Since the participants were eager to undergo new experiences, learn new ideas and skills, Maslow’s theory calls for accurate perception of reality which is inconsistence to ordinary people’s ability to deny, repress or deform perceptions to fit their own prejudices. Here Maslow’s theory agrees with the experiences of participants’ intuitive levels and their conscious on rational levels. The general concept to this self-actualizer is that may be attracted to the unknown rather than being afraid of it. Achieving the task: Process, outcomes and motivation There is a strong indication of positive outcomes in complimentary with task orientation to teamwork as it motivates and heightens team’s efforts to achieve their tasks. Since everyone participated in the task, everyone celebrated its success hence the theory of â€Å"one for all, all for one† ethos of success. In task orientation process, the pathways travelled in order to achieve this ou tcome helped them recognise important process in accomplishment of these stages which determines the effective functioning of the team as the actual achievement of the outcome. The outcome helped the team recognise real organisation, planning, discussion and action to be the major component of their team building. In relation to task orientation, the task outcomes and task process did not give conclusive results on how the team operates. We also realised that demanding tasks gave rise to supportiveness, encouragement which stimulated relationship orientation behaviour since members desired to help each other to succeed. Task difficulty challenged members to rise up to cooperation and encouragement within the team. We therefore conclude that team work motivated people to work together and stay till the end of the project (Hays 2004; Rushmer 1997, p.316). De-motivation Team members also complained of cold and wet weather in which they were required to exercise and not all activities r equired them to work as a team. Therefore motivation as part of team building spirit departs from the theory that states that team work encourages full participation of members. Conclusion Since individuals were inclined to pre-set groups, team members were unable to mix and talk freely and therefore knowing each other’s skills and expertise was only limited to the preset groups. Structural and geographical arrangements were also a hindering factor to team operations. People should read the article because it encourages organisation to implement more challenging tasks as a strategy to pull all members participation towards task accomplishment. Challenging task as i have already mentioned help members gain positive side effects and increases participation thereby enabling development of new skills, increases confidence and motivation and built team spirit and co-operation. This should therefore be incorporated in work places by rewarding hard working employees by their skills, experience and length of service. People should also read the article because it teaches new learner on methods of data collection and different theories applied in team building activities List of References Hays, J. 2004, Building High-Performance Teams: A Practitioner’s Guide. Argos Press: Canberra Rushmer, R. 1997, ‘What happens to the team during teambuilding? Examining the change process that helps to build a team’, The Journal of Management Development, Vol. 16, pg. 316

Disparity in Use of Internet in One Country Essay

Disparity in Use of Internet in One Country - Essay Example Conversely, the great distinction of the unexpected increase of the phrase digital disparity is that it has placed the significant matter of inequity within the information community on the political and scholarly agenda. Growth of access in Internet within deprived regions is aided by groupings for public usage, like cybercafes, and internet kiosks or multiuse communal tele-centres (Rogers & Shukla, 2001). The cybercafe (or Internet cafe) notion has been effectively spread to underprivileged countries largely, because it coalesces a soundly priced accessibility to Internet through the comfortable setting of a coffee shop or a slab as well as the prospect to interact with fellow clients in addition to picking up fresh knowledge and concepts in internet usage. Internet disparity in Tanzania Tanzania, an amalgamation of Zanzibar and Tanganyika, is currently a multiparty self-governing state. Initially, it became sovereign from the United Kingdom in 1964. Conferring to the nationwide we bsite, 2.2 million of its citizens are jobless, nevertheless a good number of individuals are freelancers and majority of the labour is seasonal within the informal and agricultural sectors. Most people in Tanzania have different indigenous languages. Kiswahili has grown into Eastern Africa’s lingua franca besides; it is the formal language, conversed by each Tanzanian. Starting from secondary school, all tutoring is in English, which is the second endorsed language for Tanzanians (Mwesige, 2004). The dispersion of the digitization in Africa varies from one nation to another, hinging on each nation’s government regulatory, legal and policy frameworks, competition amid ISPs (Internet service providers), and... This paper stresses on surveys which show that the internet users’ financial ranking, embodied by their individual quantified monthly expenditure, displays a noteworthy and fascinating difference amid the urban/semi-urban and rural areas. The rural internet users have solely one third over the buying power as likened to other groups. Simultaneously, they spend nearly the equal amount of cash on cyber cafà © charges. One credible rationalization is due to informal economy within the rural, husbandry-based regions. Owing to a widespread barter economy, folks neither possess, nor require money as much as those within the urban areas. This is, obviously, a serious restraint to the expansion of commercial cyber cafà © industry to these regions. This report makes a conclusion that the users’ of internet are surprisingly unchanging in the three regions of centrality. However, some slight traces of variance exist among rural and urban Internet clienteles, in the manner that internet users turn out to be more â€Å"elite† within rural areas, where internet access is limited. Rural internet users are younger, better learned, and are eager to expend relatively more cash on Internet usage. They are, to some extent, using the internet for instrumental purposes such as information seeking and research. An additional apparent dissimilarity is the â€Å"gender disparity† – indicating that the segment of female internet users is substantially lower within rural areas. Studies reveal that the internet disparity within an evolving nation like Tanzania is primarily a matter of variances in the likelihood of accessing ICT and the Internet in urban and rural regions.

Mitosis, Meiosis, and Mutation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mitosis, Meiosis, and Mutation - Assignment Example Select each sample with your mouse and â€Å"drag† it to the virtual microscope in order to observe the cells in each sample. It was observed that 90 percent (nine cells) of the normal cells were in the anaphase stage of mitosis in the first sample while only 10 percent was in prophase. In the second sample, 90 percent of the cells were in anaphase while only 10 percent of the cells were in the telophase stage of mitosis. These two observations showed than in normal cells, only 10 percent of the cells were actively dividing at any given time. In sample 3, which was a cancerous tissue, 70% of the cells (7 cells) were in the interphase stage while 20 % (2 cells) were in the prophase stage. 10 % (1 cell) was in the anaphase stage. Similarly, in sample 4, 70 % of the cells were in interphase while 10% (1 cell) was in prophase, metaphase and telophase stages of mitosis. These findings showed that cancer cells have an abnormally higher rate of division and proliferation. Therefore, the results of the experiment were in line with the expected observations of the experiment. These findings suggest that a general approach to combat cancer is preventing the abnormal multiplication of cancerous cells. One such way is through eliminating the cancerous cells, which can be achieved through chemotherapy as well as radiation therapy. Chemotherapy involves the use of chemical agents that target certain stages in the cell cycle of cancerous cells (Priestman, 2012). In addition, anticancer drugs work against certain proteins that are vita in the survival of cancer cells. Radiotherapy, on the other hand, is the utilization of high-energy radiations to eliminate malignant cells (Reilly, 2010). The two methods may be used concurrently. Another treatment option is the surgical removal of the malignant cells. Though the mode of action of the various methods may differ, all cancer treatment methods aim at eradicating

Financial markets and institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial markets and institutions - Essay Example Any commodity market might be considered to be financial market if trader’s intention is not the immediate consumption of the commodity but as a means of delaying or accelerating consumption over time. Markets work by placing many interested sellers in one place, thus making them easier to find for potential buyers. An economy which relies primarily on connections between buyers and sellers to allot capital is known as a market economy. Financial markets are affected by forces of supply and demand, and allot capital over time through a price device such as the interest rate. Financial market could mean: organizations that facilitate the transaction in financial products, (for example, Stock exchanges facilitate the trade in stocks, bonds and warrants) and the coming together of buyers and sellers to trade financial products such as stocks and shares including: the use of stock exchanges; directly between buyers and sellers. There are different types of financial markets: capital market which provide finance through issuance of shares and bonds, commodity market which facilitate the trading of commodities, money market which arrange short term debt financing and investment, derivatives markets that provide instruments for the management of financial risk, insurance markets, which facilitate to cover of various risks and foreign exchange market which facilitate the trading of foreign exchange (Wikipedia, 2006). When looking at a financial institution it might seem to be a mediator between investors and customers. A financial institution might be considered as an agent that provides financial services for its customers. Financial institutions generally fall under financial rule from a government authority. The types of financial institutions include banks, building societies, credit unions, stock brokerages, and similar businesses. Financial institutions give service

Industry Analysis and Financial services of Pan America Research Paper

Industry Analysis and Financial services of Pan America - Research Paper Example According to 2006 statistics in the industry, more than 133 billion litres are sold per year which raised the global revenue to 294.5 billion. Analysis of the industry In analysing the industry, it is critical to understand Panama, what opportunity it offers and the products that are produced in the country. Panama is a country that shows a great diversity in terms of people who live there. Most of the residents come from different countries. A lot of people in Panama prefer beer compared to other beverages. In the year 2011, its production was reported to have grown by 5.1%. The market in panama is worth more than $390 in a year. Another brand that seems to grow and is on the list is wine (Holmes 45). The prices of beer and wine in Panama which are the popular drinks are $35 for each beer and $40 for each wine. When you compare these prices with Gasolina, they prove to be high because Gasolina normally ranges from $7-10. The high prices in panama come due to high costs of living due to its diversity and that it attracts a lot of people. This means that the company will have to increase its selling price in panama in order for it to beat the competition. Gasoline has an opportunity to grow in Panama because it is a new product that is unique in its own way. It is unique in that it has six flavours. It is made with unique spirits which include Caribbean white rum, filtered and distilled vodka, 100% tequila and 100% natural fruit juices. It is easier for outdoor consumption due to its portability. This is because it is packed in 20ml aluminium pouches that even have a straw inside. Its growth is possible due to the diverse cultures in Panama and the uniqueness of the product. With such a product the people of Panama will not find it difficult to pay for the drink at whichever cost. Looking at the industry in general, the market is dominated by few key players which lead to intense competition (Giesbrecht 55). There exists operating uncertainty due to changing con sumer tastes. Margins and pricing are often under pressure. It has three leading industries that account for almost 40% of the overall market share. The leading company is Anheuser-Busch. It holds over 20% of the total volume of the market. This company has 14 brands and each generates over 1 billion USD in a year. The company produces global and regional brands, one of them being Corona. It employs about 11,600 people in 30 countries. The company sales majorly come from North America. Another key competitor in the market is SABMiller. In the market ranking, it is among the top five companies in the industry. Its portfolio contains more than 150 brands. Among its brands are international beers such as Pilsner, Urquell and also local brands like Castle Milk Stout. It operates in 75 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, North America and also South America. Its sales are around 21 billion litres of lager in a year. Coors is another competitor in the industry which is ranked in the sevent h position globally. It operates Colorado brewery that that is the largest brewing facility that operates singly. It was the first company to use the aluminium can and it operates the largest plant that produces aluminium cans. Among its products is Coors Light. The industry is a global business that contains several businesses that are multinationals and thousands of small producers. The

Medical coding Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medical coding - Coursework Example While similar studies could be done using data collection from other government services, it would take much more time to do so. CPT can help quickly summarize the data and highlight areas of high frequency or areas which have become important during the last few years. By following such an analysis insurers could be able to reduce their cost and their final price for the customers too. By pricing their insurance products according to occurrence rates for specific ailments, prices for certain insurance covers could be reduced. Also, insurers would be able to track the areas where the claim costs are highest and act accordingly. Finally, this analysis could help make forecasts and predict when certain events are more likely to occur and where – this could help plan resources to tackle such issues in time. 2) Extension to pharmacies and laboratories: CPT codes could be given extension to cover pharmacies’ and laboratories’ activities. The CPT could cover the entire Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services. This would prevent adverse dispensing events and the physicians would also be kept up to date on medical consulting/therapy that the patients have already received. Further, laboratories could also use the CPT codes just like physicians for reporting and managing their billing and services to patients. 3) Cross-country standardization: As CPT codes have standardized the healthcare and insurance industry practice in the US, an extension of these codes could be to set the standards internationally. With such standardization, sharing of best practices and faster dissemination of information across countries could be much faster and efficient. 4) Remote surgery protocols: CPT codes could also be helpful in conducting remote surgeries. Remote surgeries refer to physicians conducting a surgery from an offsite location using robot technology which is linked up through the internet. CPT codes could help by having standard

Industry Analysis and Financial services of Pan America Research Paper

Industry Analysis and Financial services of Pan America - Research Paper Example According to 2006 statistics in the industry, more than 133 billion litres are sold per year which raised the global revenue to 294.5 billion. Analysis of the industry In analysing the industry, it is critical to understand Panama, what opportunity it offers and the products that are produced in the country. Panama is a country that shows a great diversity in terms of people who live there. Most of the residents come from different countries. A lot of people in Panama prefer beer compared to other beverages. In the year 2011, its production was reported to have grown by 5.1%. The market in panama is worth more than $390 in a year. Another brand that seems to grow and is on the list is wine (Holmes 45). The prices of beer and wine in Panama which are the popular drinks are $35 for each beer and $40 for each wine. When you compare these prices with Gasolina, they prove to be high because Gasolina normally ranges from $7-10. The high prices in panama come due to high costs of living due to its diversity and that it attracts a lot of people. This means that the company will have to increase its selling price in panama in order for it to beat the competition. Gasoline has an opportunity to grow in Panama because it is a new product that is unique in its own way. It is unique in that it has six flavours. It is made with unique spirits which include Caribbean white rum, filtered and distilled vodka, 100% tequila and 100% natural fruit juices. It is easier for outdoor consumption due to its portability. This is because it is packed in 20ml aluminium pouches that even have a straw inside. Its growth is possible due to the diverse cultures in Panama and the uniqueness of the product. With such a product the people of Panama will not find it difficult to pay for the drink at whichever cost. Looking at the industry in general, the market is dominated by few key players which lead to intense competition (Giesbrecht 55). There exists operating uncertainty due to changing con sumer tastes. Margins and pricing are often under pressure. It has three leading industries that account for almost 40% of the overall market share. The leading company is Anheuser-Busch. It holds over 20% of the total volume of the market. This company has 14 brands and each generates over 1 billion USD in a year. The company produces global and regional brands, one of them being Corona. It employs about 11,600 people in 30 countries. The company sales majorly come from North America. Another key competitor in the market is SABMiller. In the market ranking, it is among the top five companies in the industry. Its portfolio contains more than 150 brands. Among its brands are international beers such as Pilsner, Urquell and also local brands like Castle Milk Stout. It operates in 75 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, North America and also South America. Its sales are around 21 billion litres of lager in a year. Coors is another competitor in the industry which is ranked in the sevent h position globally. It operates Colorado brewery that that is the largest brewing facility that operates singly. It was the first company to use the aluminium can and it operates the largest plant that produces aluminium cans. Among its products is Coors Light. The industry is a global business that contains several businesses that are multinationals and thousands of small producers. The

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Marketing - Essay Example Thus the ‘victims’ of its unethical marketing strategies were children whom the company ill-used by manipulating their exposure to addictive / drug-abusing habits. According to the source, the company has also employed teenage girls to distribute free Marlboro cigarettes to children and youngsters at the clubs and concerts. Not only the company marketed a health-hazardous product but also harmed the children morally by exploiting them to addiction. What’s worst, the company claimed that premature smokers’ deaths have ‘positive effects’ because they save governments money (â€Å"Top 10 Unethical Companies.†) In this way, Philip Morris’ unethical marketing practices hurt children and teenagers by illegally familiarizing them with addictive products that are supposed to be much harmful for them, physiologically as well as morally. The company, in response to the criticism, has launched a ‘We card’ Programme, which provid es retailers with tools and resources to help prevent underage tobacco sales. Works Cited â€Å"Top 10 Unethical Companies.† Actionforourplanet.com. Action for Our Planet, n.d. Web. 1 May 2011.

Energy Sources Of The Future Essay Example for Free

Energy Sources Of The Future Essay Since Industrial Revolution, the use of fossil fuels has been the main source of power for their extensive use in industries, vehicles and in various scientific discoveries. This is continuing till today especially as some of the energy sources are being used up, but the needs of the current power are on the increase whereas the different sources of the planet continue to deplete. Notwithstanding electricity being generated in the power plants is making extensive use of the fossil fuels. The way human is interfering in the natural process for meeting his varied needs is causing the depletion of the fossil fuels at 50 million times more at the rate, which it is being formed. Coal, Oil and Natural gas are the three forms of energy found very near to the surface of the earth. Coal as a source of energy is being extensively used in United States. Oil is another major source of fossil fuel getting extracted every year in the form of petroleum like gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, lubricating oils, and fuel oils to be used in vehicles. Another form is Natural gas mainly being used is methane and is highly inflammable. All over the world scientists are declaring non renewable form of sources as scarce with the continuous search for the alternative renewable sources of energy like wind, air, sun power, heat etc. These forms of energy sources can be replenished continuously. Renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, biomass etc. are dependent on the solar energy directly or indirectly while on the other hand hydroelectric power is not essentially a renewable source of power because in case it is used in the large scale projects, it can result in ecological damage and irreversible consequences. (Farret Simoes, 2006) In 1991, a national wind resource wind inventory by the United States Department of Energy found that three states of the United States, North Dakota, Kansas and Texas have enough of the wind energy to meet the electricity needs of the whole nation. It was found that wind has much greater capacity to produce electricity than any other form of energy would produce. Much of the advancement made in the designs of the wind turbine since 1991 enabled the turbines to operate at lower wind speeds for harnessing more of the wind energy and for harvesting it at much greater heights. Comparatively very large share of the land area can be utilized for generating wind in very scarce populated wind rich areas like Patagonian region of Argentina, Great Plains of North America, Northwest China, and eastern Siberia. In 2002, it was found that it has comparatively higher rate of generating capacity of around 31, 100 megawatts (electricity forum. com) and is increasing continuously satisfying the needs of 40 million Europeans. Utilization of the wind is cheap, conducive to the environment, available in plenty and best renewable source of power. (Associated Press, 2008) Another form of alternative source of energy being experimented on a large scale is the power of sun. Though rate of solar power striking earth is in a very small fraction yet it provides around 10000 times of total commercial energy used by humans on planet. Solar power is an attractive dominant long-term alternative sustainable source of energy. The benefits are manifold- its availability is limitless, environmental friendly, and can be transmitted to earth from sun without any cost. (National Academy of Engineering, Online) Solar panels constitute most common means for tapping solar energy. Sunlight is converted to electricity through the use of solar cells photovoltaics. No doubt solar panels are used for capturing light energy, scientists are still working for improving methods of harvesting sun’s energy. Stephen Maldonado and his team of Michigan University are working upon the designing those systems that can be used for converting solar energy into chemical bond energy, which in turn can be used for producing electricity. The main disadvantage of solar energy is that it cannot be stored for long period and has to be consumed immediately. To overcome this limitation, they are using plants as model because plants are able to convert solar energy into chemical bond energy for producing chemical fuels so they are hoping to devise that system which is able to store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds for long periods of time. (Steinberg, 2009) Geothermal form of energy may not be as conducive as far as its effects are concerned as compared to solar or wind, but it is also best renewable source of energy for the next generation and is one of the most cheaper forms of energy producing 50 times less quantity of CO2, nitric oxide, and sulfur emissions than other conventional use of fossil fuel power plants with other benefit being not requiring power storage. Geothermal energy is limitless and inexhaustible and â€Å"Geothermal power plants run at 89 to 97 percent uptime, in contrast to 75 to 90 percent uptime being offered from coal and nuclear. † (triplepundit, 2009) There is no doubt of the fact that our future lies in tapping nuclear power responsible for extricating 16 per cent of the world’s electric power. There are around 442 nuclear plants which are under operation in 30 countries with most of them operating in Western Europe and North America. Nuclear power creates no impact on global warming, as their emission level of greenhouse gases is virtually nil. From the uranium mining process to waste disposal including reactor and construction, in the whole of nuclear chain emanates only 2-6 grams of carbon per kilowatt-hour. This is very similar to the wind and solar power. It is a fact that if all over the world 440 nuclear power plants had to be closed down and in place are used the mix of non-nuclear sources, there would be an increase of 600 million tones of carbon every year. Though the nuclear plant is costly affair but it is more feasible if its long terms benefits are seen. (The International Atomic Energy Agency, 2004) Among the other sources of energy Algae is being rendered as an important alternative source of energy to biofuels on account of its higher level of energy contents, and yield per acre and its capacity to grow best in water. Its capacity to grow in water is quite huge. As per U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), algae have a potential capacity for producing 100 times more oil per acre than soybeans. Due it’s a higher content level, oil from algae can get refined into biodiesel, green gasoline, jet fuel or ethanol. Moreover, algae require only water, sunlight and CO2 for its growth. (Donovan Stowe, 2009) Looking at the benefits of the several alternative sources of energy, along with their cost effectiveness and the non pollutant properties, the need of the hour is to put an end to the use of the conventional source of energy and make use of the most cost effective alternative sources of energy. The innovative and technologically advanced use of the gift of nature will create an environment of the fresh air with more comforts for the whole human race. Reference List Associated Press. 2008. Wind energy could fuel future power needs. Retrieved on June 14, 2009 from W.W. W. : http://www. electricityforum. com/news/aug03/windenergy. html Donovan, J. Stowe, N. (2009). Is the Future of Biofuels in Algae? Retrieved on June 14, 2009 from W. W. W. : http://www. renewableenergyworld. com/rea/news/article/2009/06/is-the-future-of-biofuels-in-algae? cmpid=rss Farret, F. A. Simoes, M. G. (2006). Integration of alternative sources of energy. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. National Academy of Engineering. 2008. Make solar energy economical. Retrieved on June 14, 2009 from W. W. W. : http://www. engineeringchallenges. org/cms/8996/9082. aspx/

The importance of gender issue in society

The importance of gender issue in society Gender issue has become so important this lately. Many people think that gender plays a very important role in the society. Public views on gender have become so exact on certain issue till it is being accepted as a fact by the community. For instance, issues engrossing equality, inequality and stereotyping on gender nowadays attracted most people attention. United Nations Population Fund affirmed that equality will only exist when both men and women have an equal right in the power allocation of power and influence. And also they will have a corresponding chance to gain money and finance their life by working or doing businesses. They will as well have equivalent right of entry in education as well to share responsibility for the household chores. Society always tries to differentiate between what a man and a woman can achieve because it is understandable for a man and a woman to have different physical appearance, difference body size, different capabilities, different strength and etc. A man is continuously being described as a conqueror and always acts as an oppressor to woman life. But in reality, all those things will not happen again in todays modernize world. In some area, such as military, leadership, role in family and chances of being promoted in workplace it is found that women cannot survive just as men can do. Society inces santly believes that men can perform well in those areas just because the past had shown that men are better in those areas. This will prevent the women from showing their capabilities. Most horrible, this will led to many other problems. For example, women have a higher poverty rate than men in almost all nations. In thinking about possible causes of the gender gap in poverty rates, it is crucial to understand that poverty is measured at the household or family level in most all government and academic statistics. Christopher, England, Sara and Smeeding (2000) concluded that for a woman who has a spouse or married women, this thing will only become their minor problem. But for a single mother, it will lead them to become poor. There are two main reasons for this problem, which are they actually earn lower than a man and a fact that they always live together with their children after divorce. Thus, it will direct to a very big problem which is poverty in the family. Nevertheless, people should notice that inequality not only happen in women community but also mens. Even from the outside people always sees a man as tough and better in strength, but actually they are suffering inside. A man will not be allowed to express their feeling and act emotionally. For example, a girl may be allowed to act some tomboyish behavior, but little boys cannot be allowed to be a sissy or at least show some sissy stuff. In addition, a woman also can be easily accepted if she is trying to work seriously in the man profession but a man will receive many negative comments if he is trying to work in the woman profession. For example, a lady can simply apply for a career in the army however a man will be question a lot if he is attempting to apply for the nurse job. Perhaps, this thing occur because people might think it is difficult for a man to show the love and kindness like a woman might do where as to show the strength and ability in the army is trouble-free for a woman. However, equality also exists in gender. Women and men nowadays have an equal right to receive same level of education. In many countries, there is no barrier between level of education applied to men and women. Thus, after receive the same level of education they might also acquire the same high pays job. This will decrease the difference in wage they receive. Rushfan (2008) said that in many areas of Afghanistan, girls are often taken out of school when they hit puberty. Cultural factors related to the correctness of sending girls to school, reluctance to send girls and boys to the same school after third grade, as well as the perceived and real security threats related to girls walking to school and attending classes all contribute to slowing down the enrollment of girls in schools. But, however we should be thankful because the same policies did not applied in Malaysia. Woman in Malaysia cannot be disallowing from receiving education as this is an offense under Education Act of 1 996 which stated that all children must attend primary school classes until they finish their Standard 6 phase. Stereotyping always occur in everydays life. People cannot escaping from the act of stereotyping others from their days. According to Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, gender stereotyping means that it is one-sided and exaggerated images of men and women one deployed repeatedly in everyday life. In a simple words, gender stereotyping can be clarify as the accusations or assumptions made about a specific gender whether they are true or false. Most of the time however, gender stereotyping is far from the truth but based on past speculations therefore it is assumed as true in the present time. Additionally, it will also persuade someone to put others down because of their gender or believe that they are unable to do a particular job just because they are either male or female. There are many factors that have stimulated the gender stereotyping issue. The influence from the media, family leaders, schoolteachers, buddies and the respected religious people undoubtedly are the main stimulus of gender stereotyping. McConnell (n.d), described that media always portrayed individuals like sportsmen, celebrities and model as a symbol on how a man and a woman should appear and act. In terms of fashion and physical appearance, those who did not match the body size and the look of these individuals, unconsciously they are judge as bad and ugly. Also, media constantly shows a man work as a hard labour where as a woman will work at a house, arranging lace and prettying the house in pink. This will shape an idea of a child where he will think that working at home is only a woman job. As for the kids, adults are their role model. For them, no matter what adults do, this will be assumed as a way of life of what a man or a woman should do. For instance, the way the adult st ereotype the gender will influence the kids. It will pass along gender stereotypes from one generation to the next. Another factor that influences the stereotyping is the influence of others. Sometimes, we are confused between others perceptions and ours which it may vary a lot. As a result, we might choose to follow their perception and slowly believe that our thinking is wrong and erroneous. This may happen in everyones life especially children where they tend to follow others more than their own instinct. The weight of scientific evidence demonstrates that children learn gender stereotypes from adults. As with gender roles, socializing agents-parents, teachers, peers, religious leaders, and the media-pass along gender stereotypes from one generation to the next. One approach to reexamining conventional gender roles and stereotypes is androgyny, which is the blending of feminine and masculine attributes in the same individual. The androgyne, or androgynous person, does not neatly fit into a female or male gender role; she or he can comfortably express the qualities of both genders. Parents and other socializing agents can teach their children to be androgynous, just as they can teach them to be gender-biased. (CliffsNotes.com. Gender Stereotypes. Retrieved on 21st Feb 2010) The most common stereotype for a man will be a man is more skillful, hardworking when it comes to practical jobs, always thinking about sex, be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused; hold his emotions in check and too conscious about his life triumph. These are few stereotype views that ones will deliver to a man. Whereas for a woman, she always be viewed as always put her familys welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic. It seems so hard to separate them with those stereotypes. In Malaysia, the trend of a man becoming a househusband is still low. People view on a working-woman is acceptable, but for a woman to work and become the breadwinner of the family whereas her husband will take care of the household chores is still negative. Krishnamurthi (2004) stated that a woman will receive mockery comments and being alienated by the society if she has to work and her husband will stay at home. People will uttering that she is trying to control her husband and overshadow him as a family leader. In my view, the act of such thing will cause many negative effects. Many fathers intent to spend more time with their children but due to lack of time they have to keep inside their intention. A man is stereotype as a tough guy with less love sense like a woman. The act of encouraging them to stay at home will make them develop their love sense gradually. Hence they differentiation between a love from a father and a mother will be wiped out. For the mother, she may possibl y work without tension and stress because she need not to worry about her kids as this thing will be under her husband responsibility, not in other peoples supervision . Franzoi (2003) stated that negative stereotypes will develop a ruin self-fulfilling prophecy. Self-fulfilling prophecy refer to the act that becomes true because people expect it to be true and behave in a way that will make it happen. To forestall stereotyping, everybody must play a very important role. In Friedman (n.d) article in American Baby magazine stated that among the way to overcome stereotype is by gaining self-confidence it the kids. We should support everything the kids for whatever they are doing. Added to that, the parent should develop a special interaction and coordination to their kid that suits the kid interest. Personally, I really think that a parent should watch out for the media because as I have discussed earlier in this text media have develop most people stereotype view. The act of letting them receives much unclear information which will shape their view. As a conclusion, although equality, inequality and stereotype has create many problem however if we view it positively we still have many thing to gain from it. We, as the society should know how and when to react to this issue appropriately. Gender issue has to be treated properly as it tends to create more trouble if we handle it pessimistically. Moreover, it involve all kind of human being no matter we are a man or a woman. REFERENCES Franzoi .L. Stephen (2003) Social Psychology 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. United Nations Population Fund (2002). Gender Inequality. Web Population and Reproductive Health Indicators. Retrieved 21 February 2010, from http://lao.unfpa.org/defcon.htm Christopher K., England P., Sara R. Smeeding T. (2000). Gender Inequality in Poverty in Affluent Nations : The Role of Single Motherhood and The State. Presented at a Conference on Child Well-Being in Rich and Transition Countries, Luxembourg. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 439195). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ Rushfan (2008). 10 Extreme Examples of Gender Inequality.Ultimate Top 10 List. Retrieved 21 February 2010, from 10 Extreme Examples of Gender  Inequality Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (3rd ed.).(2005). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Krishnamurthi A. (2004). Gender Stereotyping.Social Strategic Foundation. Retrieved 14 February 2010, from http://www.yss98.com/index.php?view=articleHYPERLINK http://www.yss98.com/index.php?view=articleid=399HYPERLINK http://www.yss98.com/index.php?view=articleid=399id=399 Friedman J. (n.d). Avoiding Stereotypes.American Baby Magazines. Retrieved 22 February 2010, from http://childparenting.about.com/od/childdevelopment/a/avoidstereotype.html Gattiker., Urs E. (2000).Income Inequality Based on Gender and Position: Possible Effects on Perception of Career Success.Alberta Manpower STEP Program. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 278928). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ CliffsNotes.com (2008). Gender Stereotypes.Ultimate. Retrieved on 21st Feb 2010, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.html

The Luddite Revolt :: European Europe History

The Luddite Revolt England at the Turn of the Century At the beginning of the 1800's England was still largely an agricultural country. Frank Ongley Durvall in his text, Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England, states that "over half the population [was] living in the country"(12). In London there were over one million dwellers. Nevertheless, this city's population comprised only one-tenth of the entire population of England. Aside from London, most cities and towns contained only several thousand people, where the average household size was between five to six persons. The transportation of products and people around the nation was limited in part by the fact that the English population was still predominantly dispersed throughout the countryside and that most goods were still being made locally. However another factor that limited transportation was its relative lack of modernization. At the turn of the century England had yet to establish a railroad system. The primary means of shipping goods was either by boat using canals or by horse-drawn cart on roadways. Meanwhile, travelers depended upon either their feet or horse-drawn carriage to get them where ever they wished. As I briefly mentioned above during this period most industry was located in the country, with the majority of work taking place in the home work-shops of craftsmen. Any manufacturing plants that did exist at that time were water powered. These factories were usually small and only employed a handful of workers. The major industries at the beginning of the 1800's were textiles, hosiery, lace, iron mining and manufacture, ship building, and coal mining. Yet, agriculture was still the number one business, with some 35 percent, or more, of the populace of the island working in it(14). In many villages craftsmen would not only work making goods but would also cultivate small private lots. From these household plots they would harvest crops for their family's consumption and for trade. If these craftsmen did not own their own plot they would join others in tending to a communal field from which all members of the community could partake of the harvest. Because of this agriculturally powered economy most businesses remained predominantly local. Business owners were usually residents of the town where their businesses were located, so that they had a material interest in the prosperity and success of the town. This localization of business, along with industry, allowed for a harmonious connection to develop between the owners and their workers.

COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 1 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes: Data Structures and Algorithms Summer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344 Homework #1 -- Solutions (in blue type) Note: There have been many questions about this homework assignment. Thus, clarifications are posted below in red type. When you answer these questions, bear in mind that each one only counts four points out of 1000 total points for the course. Thus, each one should have a concise answer. No need to write a dissertation. * Question 1. Suppose you want to find the maximum of a sequence or vector a of n distinct integers. Write an algorithm to do this in O(n) time, for any sequence of n distinct integers. max = very large negative number input(a) for i = 1 to n do if a[i] > max then max = a[i] endfor output(max) * Question 2. You could assume that you know the maximum value of a before you search for it. That is, if a has values in the interval [0,101], then the maximum would be 101. The best case (least work) in the preceding algorithm would occur when the maximum of the n-element sequence is the first element of the sequence. Where is the maximum located for the (a) worst case, and (b) average case? Support each answer with a proof, not just an example. Alternatively, you could assume that the maximum was not known beforehand, and a)-b), above might be easier...Either assumption is o.k. o Case 1: Maximum unknown a priori -- You have to search through the entire array to find the maximum. Thus, there is no worst case or best case if you consider the work as comparisons (dominant cost) only. o Case 2: Maximum known a priori -- This becomes a linear search problem (find the maximum).

Part Five Chapter II

II ‘Brace yourself,' teased Howard Mollison at midday on Saturday. ‘Mum's about to post the results on the website. Want to wait and see it made public or shall I tell you now?' Miles turned away instinctively from Samantha, who was sitting opposite him at the island in the middle of the kitchen. They were having a last coffee before she and Libby set off for the station and the concert in London. With the handset pressed tightly to his ear, he said, ‘Go on.' ‘You won. Comfortably. Pretty much two to one over Wall.' Miles grinned at the kitchen door. ‘OK,' he said, keeping his voice as steady as he could. ‘Good to know.' ‘Hang on,' said Howard. ‘Mum wants a word.' ‘Well done, darling,' said Shirley gleefully. ‘Absolutely wonderful news. I knew you'd do it.' ‘Thanks, Mum,' said Miles. Those two words told Samantha everything, but she had resolved not to be scornful or sarcastic. Her band T-shirt was packed; she had had her hair done and she had bought new heels. She could hardly wait to leave. ‘Parish Councillor Mollison then, is it?' she said, when he had hung up. ‘That's right,' he said a little warily. ‘Congratulations,' she said. ‘It's going to be a real celebration tonight, then. I'm sorry I'm missing it, actually,' she lied, out of excitement at her imminent escape. Touched, Miles leaned forward and squeezed her hand. Libby appeared in the kitchen in tears. She was clutching her mobile in her hand. ‘What?' said Samantha, startled. ‘Please will you call Harriet's mum?' ‘Why?' ‘Please will you?' ‘But why, Libby?' ‘Because she wants to talk to you, because,' Libby wiped her eyes and nose on the back of her hand, ‘Harriet and I've had a big row. Please will you call her?' Samantha took the telephone through to the sitting room. She had only the haziest idea who this woman was. Since the girls had started at boarding school she had virtually no contact with their friends' parents. ‘I'm so desperately sorry to do this,' said Harriet's mother. ‘I told Harriet I'd speak to you, because I've been telling her it's not that Libby doesn't want her to go †¦ you know how close they are, and I hate seeing them like this †¦' Samantha checked her watch. They needed to leave in ten minutes at the latest. ‘Harriet's got it into her head that Libby had a spare ticket, but didn't want to take her. I've told her it's not true – you're taking the ticket because you don't want Libby going alone, aren't you?' ‘Well, naturally,' said Samantha, ‘she can't go alone.' ‘I knew it,' said the other woman. She sounded strangely triumphant. ‘And I absolutely understand your protectiveness, and I would never suggest it if I didn't think it would save you an awful lot of bother. It's just that the girls are so close – and Harriet's absolutely wild about this silly group – and I think, from what Libby's just told Harriet on the phone, that Libby's really desperate for her to go too. I totally understand why you want to keep an eye on Libby, but the thing is, my sister's taking her two girls, so there would be an adult there with them. I could drive Libby and Harriet up together this afternoon, we'd meet up with the others outside the stadium and we could all stay overnight at my sister's place. I absolutely guarantee that my sister or I will be with Libby at all times.' ‘Oh †¦ that's so kind. But my friend,' said Samantha, with a strange ringing in her ears, ‘is expecting us, you see †¦' ‘But if you still wanted to go and visit your friend †¦ all I'm saying is there's really no need for you to attend, is there, if somebody else is with the girls? †¦ And Harriet's absolutely desperate – really desperate – I wasn't going to get involved, but now it's putting a strain on their friendship †¦' Then, on a less gushing note, ‘We'd buy the ticket from you, of course.' There was nowhere to go, nowhere to hide. ‘Oh,' said Samantha. ‘Yes. I just thought it might be nice to go with her – ‘ ‘They'd much prefer to be with each other,' said Harriet's mother firmly. ‘And you won't have to crouch down and hide among all the little teenyboppers, ha ha – it's all right for my sister, she's only five foot two.'

The second danger is for the people of Alabama

Alabama faces two problems regarding race relations. One is tiring of the work just as the blonde girl in the old joke, who swims half-way across a lake, declares she is too tired to make it all the way, and then swims back to the side she started on. If the residents of Alabama grow tired of progressing, they too, might someday end up back where they started. The labor of generations, then, would be wasted.The second danger is for the people of Alabama to believe that enough progress has been made. It is easy to think of one's own generation as the most advanced in all of time. Yet, a look back at history shows that previous generations felt the same way. An examination of the attitudes and actions of the progressives in the past sheds some light on how far Alabama has come and how far it might still need to go.Many people today portray slave masters as wicked, violent men, who beat their slaves constantly and neglected their needs. This is not a completely accurate picture. Indeed, former Alabama slave Alice Gaston[i] (Gaston, 1941, p. 1) in a 1941 interview with Robert Sonkin the following:All the white folks that know me, they treats me nice. And if I want anything, I'll ask for it. I was taught in that a way by my old master. Don't steal, don't lie, and if you want anything, ask for it. Be honest in what you get. That was what I was raised up with. And I'm that a way today.Another former slave, Isom Moseley also said that he’d worked for, â€Å"might good white folks.† (Moseley, 1941) He remembered the white people having shoes for the children and the elderly.   Similarly, former slave Joe MacDonald recalled that his master had made sure he was educated, so that he would be treated well by other white people, once the master and his wife had â€Å"died and gone to heaven.† (MacDonald, 1940)One slave owner fathered a child by a black woman. Instead of denying his paternity, James T. Rapier’s father acknowledged him and hired a private tutor to educate him in secret, because Alabama law, at the time, did not allow blacks to be educated.[ii]   Rapier elected to the forty-third congress in 1873 as a republican.Yet, in some parts of the state, slaves were treated very badly – particularly in the earliest years. In 1824, slaves in Montgomery outnumbered whites. Around half of Alabama’s heads of household were slave owners.As the number of slaves in Alabama increased, so did per capita wealth. Indeed, in 1930, per capita wealth was $700, which was unmatched by any other part of the country.[1] These factors lead many whites to fear black insurrection. If Alabama blacks rose up against whites, the outnumbered whites might not be able to stop them.Therefore, many feared for their lives. Others feared losing their fortunes. If blacks were freed, once great southerners would have to compete with industrialized northerner families in the American economy. It would be extremely hard for them to compe te. [iii]White fear lead to increased oppression. While, for a time, there were free blacks in Alabama, the government chased them out in 1839. An article from The New-Yorker in 1839 declares, â€Å"By a law of the last session of the Alabama legislature, all free persons of color who remain in the state after the 1st of August next are to be enslaved.†[iv]If a similar ruling were made today, the newspaper editors would call for public outrage. In 1839, the note is simply followed by a warning about yellow fever in New Orleans. Clearly, neither the government, nor the media thought of blacks as equals.Yet, while the Alabama legislature tried to rid the state of free blacks, it also ruled, in 1852, that owners must properly clothe their slaves. According to Mary Jenkins Schwartz, however, the law was not enforced and frequently broken.[v] Jenkins states that because owners would not follow the law, slaves who had children had a difficult time keeping their children warm. Indee d, she says, on one Alabama plantation, mothers would cut holes in gunny sacks to clothe their sons and daughters.[vi]Slaves were treated on many plantations as animals. Jenkins reports that many slept on hay. Children were given blankets of inferior quality and expected to share with one another. Children who did not work in the fields on one plantation, were not given food allowances.Therefore their parents would have to catch animals like rabbits and raccoons to feed them. Indeed, says Jenkins, some children would look forward to working in the fields because they would be able to earn food for themselves to stop their hunger.[vii]The fact that plantation owners thought of slaves just as people think of animals is also evinced by a number of documents from Alabama in the 1800’s. For instance, in 1852, a Parks Landing plantation owner offered a reward of fifty dollars for the return of his runaway slave, Stephen. It reads like a lost pet poster. The plantation owner describ es his slave as, â€Å"A fine looking negro† who is â€Å"between twenty-five and thirty years of age,† â€Å"about six-feet high,† â€Å"copper-colored,† with a â€Å"high fore-head†. [viii][1] Jenkins reports that slave owners would use this to tempt slaves into putting their children to work in the fields. Those who did would receive, â€Å"one frock apiece.† One boy, who worked carrying water for workers, earned a shirt, two pairs of pantaloons and shoes.[i] Alice Gaston.   â€Å"Interview with Alice Gaston, Gee's Bend, Alabama,† Voices of Slavery. Library of Congress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Washington, D.C. 1941. [ii] Eugene Feldman. â€Å"James T. Rapier, Negro Congressman from Alabama,† The Phylon Quarterly. Vol 19. No. 3    1958. [iii] Clayton W. Williams â€Å"Early Ante-Bellum Montgomery: A Black-Belt Constituency,† The Journal of Southern    History, Vol. 7, No. 4. Nov. 1941. [iv] â€Å"Free Negro es in Alabama,† The New Yorker. Sep. 14, 1839; 7 26. P. 411[v] Mary Jenkins Scwartz. Born in Bondage: Growing up Enslaved in the Antebellum South. (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2000). [viii] Levi Parks. â€Å"Poster offering fifty dollars reward for the capture of a runaway slave Stephen,† American Memory. Library of Congress. Washington, D.C. 1852.